Index Prints

The idea print. Collecting visuals. Stages of the darkroom process. Beyond the wild guess. Looking more than once, while looking at more than one. Building the comparative response.

This index is from the librarians, not the linguists. /’ that it contains so much contradictory information that a verbal message is needed to fix its meaning ‘/ 

WHY make contact sheets — to see the roll, thereby providing selection by comparison.. provides an editorial overview as it reveals your progression of action in the event-scene.

The key point of this post is using “jigs” as aid to determining exposure of a print. They provide an efficient way to make several attempts, or tests of settings in making darkroom prints. Typically, they are used to determine exposure setting, however, they could also be used to test changes in contrast filters, or color balance filtration, since while the “flaps” are closed, enlarger settings may be changed.

These devices are the commercial form of what was frequently a kludge made by the printer from cardboard, tape, or, perhaps, scavenged sheet film holders. My initial, 1960s version was made using scrapped film holders. These were sold by the cardboard box full at the surplus stores.

The start point. finding a way in the dark. What is the exposure setting for darkroom materials. Color or black-white paper exposure must be tested; determined by making trial exposures. These are called “test strips” — strips, small samples of the material you will use to make your print.

Durst Test Print Tool
Ways of making test strips.

Drawing patterns, making conclusions.
Index prints are also known as “contact sheets,” or “proof sheets.” Most uses of these are as first edit device for selecting among negatives/slides. The exposure, contrast and processing controls are sometimes lax. I try for a first best use setting for the most interesting of the negatives. This sheet serves as my point of search into my file of pictures. Rather than shuffling through the negatives, I shuffle through my index prints. These prints, in some cases, provide my an easy notepad of what was printed and when. The details of the printing will be in a print/darkroom notebook.


What is the start point of making a darkroom exposure

By using test jigs, I was able to characterize film for making separations for dye transfer in as few as 6 sheets of film. A morning’s work. It was sixty years later that a boastful amateur told a student of mine that wasn’t possible.

Good to know. #OIC

Blue Pizza

The New Dye group, as it changed names with almost every meeting of a growing group, they gathered impressions of their growing community. What, if anything, do we call this thing?

… because, for a while one of the printing tests was to turn a pizza blue ..

–here’s an Ektachrome transparency of a pizza. Standard Manhattan pie. Print it so that it’s blue.

My, (we), asking that inner self about your result: do you find an interesting way to do it, or do you print it blue, like a good student would do.

Do you make an ashtray — piece of clay, shaped roundish, with dimples for the cigarettes.

This answered the question that wasn’t asked directly: are you a printer or a printmaker. Is there a question you can answer we haven’t asked. A question interesting to the group. This was always the second round of matriculation interview..

DYE TRANSFER: learn to tell time before taking the watch apart.

TODAY, soup is getting cold, salad getting warm. It is a film day. Stay away from the endless thread pullings.

How about a strange brew of two songs:

— success with few bars, fewer words George Strait https://youtu.be/x_JL_hMBakk?si=WjxBAt5iTWS6JQHn

and only because it seems a counter fact: Dire Straits https://youtu.be/jhdFe3evXpk?si=xsBHpViV4c3VMACc

Both would be/were played at Blue Pizza tables. With dance, discussion, delight.

nutshell: Color Separations

a reminder of color separations: what they are; what they do.

A separation is a pulling apart — taking either the scene, or its first duplicate into distinct parts. The separation is based upon the color. These being the primary colors of tri-color theory.

Film wasn’t always on ESTAR, so small holes would fail; they weren’t done. The stable base was glass — not punchable. We had methods, just not punch-pin positioning systems.

Masking can be done pre or post separation. // more to come//

craft skill from the book of Reproductions. These were from ‘inkside’ of the past, along with the current vantagepoint. The titles and the dog-tags for return reading.

Choosing film is premised upon several factors, notably, color response and curve dynamics. Can the separation match the transparency? Can the film render the colors in the transparency as monochromatic approximates. Much, too much, is said about “long straight line” needs of separation and mask films. What you are separating from rarely has as long a linear portion as most BW films; not now, and certainly not in the past when seps were the king of the darkroom.

From the past; more for the Rosetta stone. Translating data sheets. Why that film/developer was made.

Dupont Fine Grain Pan: an easy 20x intermediate film. Soup in 6-D or 53-D.

Why Dupont 16D developer: times of 6,7,8,9 minutes gave those gammas (close enough to get you started on separations using Dupont films.

from 2005: Modern vs. Classic. Thin vs. Thick Emulsions’

Early form of specialized equipment designed to make separation negatives.

It looks quite “steam punk” in this light. Hardly the item of extreme, near sacred skill-tool of conversation on today’s net world. The virtual barstool has a way of inflating all needs beyond the original.

Making the process sound complex has a purpose: make the teller important.

Balanced pan-chromatism — the secret word on separation negative film.

not Filter Factor, rather Exposure Ratio. Notice the difference in using Heat Absorbing Glass — IR glass was as important as voltage stabilization in the best custom labs. The “4 shift” places all knew this. Not now. The forums think the glass is so negatives don’t pop — change during exposure.

IR and UV affect emulsions… even just a bit. The amount makes significant difference when making seps with a responsive emulsion.

Emulsion TypeRed NegativeGreen NegativeBlue Negative
PanchromaticUse Red filterUse Green filterUse Blue filter
Ortho-chromaticUnsuitable. insensitive to redUse minus-blue or green filteruse minus-green or blue filter
Ordinary (non-colorUnsuitable. insensitive to redUnsuitable. insensitive to greenNo filter needed. UV or minus-green or blue filter.
some types of emulsions will not reach the required gamma on the blue record, even with long development. An inherently higher contrast material can be under-developed to provide a lower gamma negative.

The above table was often used as a test of new employees … did they understand the theory enough to make separations using the “wrong” film or developer. Failure meant not trying. Understanding development scheme on curve shape was a key skill among the proficient lab tech. Use fresh developer. Use consistent agitation, including the rhythm. Blue sep toe usually reaches higher density than the red and green seps. Use this during your density limits, your aims, for the linear portion of your characteristic. In practice, that is part of why we set low limit above 0.40, with 0.30 being the lowest safe value for a separation set.

Adage: Mix for Four. Use Three. — meaning: put only 3 sheets through chemistry that should work for 4 sheets of film.