Notes: Kodak Research Lab

change over in 85/86 caused disruption within KRL

John Capstaff at the Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester from 1914 to 1918.

director of research Kenneth Mees

  • C. E. Kenneth Mees, From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film; a Story of Photographic Research. (New York: Ziff-Davis Pub. Co., 1961).
  • Mees, From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film, 293-301.
  • Journey: 75 Years of Kodak Research (Rochester, N.Y.: Eastman Kodak, 1989).
  • Robert L. Shanebrook, Making KODAK Film. The Illustrated Story of State-of-the-Art Photographic Film Manufacturing (Rochester, NY: Robert Shanebrook Photography, 2010).
  •  Carl W. Ackerman, George Eastman (Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1930); Elizabeth Brayer,
  • George Eastman: A Biography (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
  • Douglas Collins, The Story of Kodak (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1990).
  • Reese Jenkins, Images and Enterprise: Technology and the American Photographic Industry, 1839 to 1925 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975).
  • Gary Jacobson, “KODAK: Research is in the Driver’s Seat,” Management Review 77, no. 10 (1988): 32- 32; J. D. Ratcliff, “Eastman Kodak’s Research Odyssey: Profitable Sidelines Add to Company’s Earnings from Photographic Products,” Barron’s, June 23, 1941, 3; Martin Sherwood, “Photographic Research in Focus,” New Scientist (February 8, 1973): 301-303.
  • E. Roy Davies, “Reports of Meetings. Scientific and Technical Group’s Second After-Dinner Lecture – 15 February 1962”, The Journal of Photographic Science 10, no. 4 (1962): 252-257.
  • G. B. Harrison, “The Laboratories of Ilford Limited,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 220, no. 1143 (December 22, 1953): 9-20.
  • Fritz Wentzel, Memoirs of a Photochemist (Philadelphia: American Museum of Photography, 1960).

Key Mees Books

  • Mees, C. E. Kenneth and John A. Leermakers. The Organization of Industrial Scientific Research. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950.
  • Mees, C. E. Kenneth and John Randal Baker. The Path of Science. New York: J. Wiley & sons, Inc., 1946.
  • Mees, C. E. Kenneth and Samuel Sheppard. Investigations on the Theory of the Photographic Process. London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta: Longmans, Green and Co, 1907.

Mees Bibliography

  • Mees, C. E. Kenneth. “Amateur Cinematography and the Kodacolor Process.” Journal of the Franklin Institute 207, no. 1 (1929): 1-17.
  • ———. Dr. C.E. Kenneth Mees: An Address to the Senior Staff of the Kodak Research Laboratories, November 9, 1955. Rochester N.Y.: Kodak Research Laboratories, 1956.
  • ———. “Fifty Years of Photographic Research.” Image, the Bulletin of the George Eastman House of Photography 3, no. 8 (1954): 49-54.
  • ———. From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film; a Story of Photographic Research. New York: Ziff-Davis Pub. Co., 1961.
  • ———. The Fundamentals of Photography. Rochester N.Y.: Eastman Kodak Company, 920.
  • ———. “The Kodak Research Laboratories.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 192, no. 1031 (1948): 465-479.
  • ———. “On the Resolving Power of Photographic Plates.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A 83, no. 559 (1909): 10-18.
  • ———. “The Organization of Industrial Scientific Research.” Science 43, no. 1118 (1916): 763-773.
  • ———. The Organization of Industrial Scientific Research. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, 1920.
  • ———. “A Photographic Research Laboratory.” The Scientific Monthly 5, no. 6 (1917): 481-496.
  • ———. Photography. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1937.
  • ———. The Photography of Colored Objects. Rochester N.Y.: Eastman Kodak Company, 1919.
  • ———. The Photography of Coloured Objects. London: Wratten & Wainwright Ltd., 1909.
  • ———. “Planning a Research Laboratory for an Industry.” The Scientific Monthly 7, no. 1 (1918): 54-67.
  • ———. “The Production of Scientific Knowledge.” Science 46, no. 1196 (1917): 519- 528.
  • ———. “The Publication of Papers from Research Institutions.” Science 70, no. 1821 (1929): 502-502.
  • ———. “The Publication of Scientific Research.” Science 46, no. 1184 (1917): 237-238.
  • ———. “Recent Advances in our Knowledge of the Photographic Process.” The Scientific Monthly 55, no. 4 (1942): 293-300.
  • ———. “Research and Business with some Observations on Color Photography.” Vital Speeches of the Day 2, no. 4 (1935): 117-117.
  • ———. “The Science of Photography.” Sigma XI Quarterly 19, no. 1 (1931): 1-19.
  • ———. “Secrecy and Industrial Research.” Nature 170, no. 4336 (1952): 972.
  • ———. “The Supply of Organic Reagents.” Science 48, no. 1230 (1918): 91-92.
  • ———. The Theory of the Photographic Process. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1942.
grain, dev, chemists
haist; cube grain, d-23, etc
henn: tab grain, xtol, etc

Beyond my Beginning

How we begin something sets limits. We learn by getting beyond those first limits.

Upon considering an action, a life of something – what we think we will do with, and for. Will we get to something beyond our not knowing stage. Smallish, naggings from my past. How we got here? questions.

I wanted to make pictures, quickly. I even thought that they could be the way to make a living, but I wanted to make color pictures. This was around 1957. Color was complex, so complex that it seemed unexplainable, almost undoable. It was something for big labs, many people, much money, and probably requiring a long training time. Not something to do for an impatient teen. So, how did I learn to make dye transfer prints?

A Kodak Color Data Book

I read. The first things were Kodak publications. Data books. My parents let me build a darkroom in the basement. I built an enlarger using guidance from a magazine dated in the 30s. It worked enough for me to begin the process of gaining skill enough to understand the Kodak Dye Transfer information books.

Supplies were extremely expensive, and difficult to get, not every store carried them, nor could even figure how, what to order. At last, my father stepped in — seeing that I was doing chemistry, and science things, he figured it was a good thing. He took me to work, introducing me to the head of the photography lab, where they made dye transfers. I spent the day watching. Walking away with some supplies, but more importantly, a set of worksheets detailing the steps to make prints. There it was, in step by step, easy form, what to do, when, how. No why, but even as a teen I understood that was where I came in. Why is the basic question of life. Everyone begins with that. Everything grows with that.

Pictures are the point.

With my first success; the prints looked like photographs. Photographs that others were making. I was proud, but not satisfied. It seemed so much work; it had taken several months to get to a point that it seemed anyone could get. Just another badge; a box ticked. So, I changed what I was looking at; going back to the origin of my interest. An Outerbridge book teased me into further experiments.

Still a teen, it hit me that dye transfer was a dis-assembly process. It took things apart. The photograph is pulled into separate components. What happens if we put them back, assemble them, in the wrong way?

Bang. I had a rush of discovery, of seeing another world; this world another way. I’d invented a new form.

Except, I wasn’t the first. What was a first for me, wasn’t the first for photography.

Jeannette Klute had gotten there before me. Gotten there by a decade. I was deflated, then delighted. Someone else had discovered the same principle, some of the same patterns. Eventually, I contacted her. After I’d worked as a dye transfer printer, I visited her at Kodak. She was enthusiastic, suggesting I visit Henry Holmes Smith to attend college. It was good advice. I did visit him; while he was appreciative, he didn’t extend a firm hand. I asked myself the standard question: why go to school to learn what I was already doing? I was making very good money. I ignored the draft. And so it goes.

Jeannette Klute (1918 – 2009). About her, a thin book of her life. More importantly, her book for Kodak. She was the secret person for dye transfer for those of us in the field. She could answer anything.  kodak 1938 – 1982

People are the real process.

Which brings us to the nature of assistance, or diversion. In this century, learning some things means asking questions of invisible experts, some of whom may know the answer, most of whom don’t even understand the question. Certainly don’t understand the partial question, the hard to formulate early questions of someone new to their journey.

They will answer their question; get you to their destination. You will learn to make their pictures.

Today, this century, forums provide the QA space. Some unknown will answer some unknowing passer. Most of the questions are about prices, definitions, so are easy to answer. Most answers are as useless as the questions. Yet this is where the novice gains first answers to their first questions. I am thinking of two such people; I’ll call them C1, and C2. Each began on different analog photography forums. C2 began on a much more specialized forum, going so far as to limit the camera used. C2 has grown up there; now making pictures very much like most of his teachers. C2 learned to make his pictures, well, he learned to make the pictures others were showing him. That is the most common route. You ask those doing what you want to do. The easy: “how.”

I see the best minds of this generation running down the web asking only “how”.

C1 is from the chemistry, emulsion forum. He asked much more complicated questions; many based upon wide reading of a specific topic that interested him: dye transfer. He provided in-depth notes of his learning; going as far as experimenting in a new direction of making matrix emulsions. Certainly new to the readers of his notes. He has met some skilled emulsion makers. Skilled enough to be able to take him back to the Kodak standard pathway. After a few years on his own, he moved to Rochester, becoming an intern and preparator at Eastman House. Recently, after reviewing his online work, I realized he’d been inspired by Jeannette Klute, also.

C1 leaned much; so much he left his picture quest. Or, perhaps that changed, too. He makes different pictures, giving up on his dye transfer interest. He ran out of drive. He was asking the right questions, seemingly of the right people. It’s just too bad they weren’t picture people.

Craft, at first, seems to block progress. Later, it either lifts you up, or holds you back, beats you down. You won’t know which until much later. The people guiding your craft growth must insure that they don’t block your imagination; at the beginning, image is as fleeting as a dreamer’s memory.